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TIME: Almanac 1993
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1992-09-23
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WORLD, Page 24The Making of an Activist
By Andrei Sakharov
Preoccupied though he was with the Soviet Union's political
upheaval, Andrei Sakharov found time in his last months to
polish his autobiography. The following fragments from
Sakharov's Memoirs, to be published in 1990 by Alfred A. Knopf,
tell of his evolution from an honored physicist into a man
reviled, hounded and condemned to exile as the U.S.S.R.'s
foremost human rights activist.
On Dec. 3 or 4, 1966, I found an envelope in my mailbox
containing two sheets of onionskin paper. The first sheet was
an anonymous report on the arrest and confinement in a
psychiatric hospital of Viktor Kuznetsov, an artist who had
helped draft a model constitution for our country, which the
authors hoped would spark discussion about the introduction of
democracy.
The second sheet announced a silent demonstration on Dec.
5, Constitution Day. I decided to attend. In Pushkin Square I
found a few dozen people standing around the statue. At 6
o'clock, half of those present, myself included, removed our
hats and stood in silence. (The other half, I later realized,
were KGB.) After a minute or so I walked over to the monument
and read the inscription aloud:
I shall be loved, and the people will long remember
that my lyre was tuned to goodness that in this cruel
age I celebrated freedom and asked for mercy for the
fallen.
After that, I left the square with the others.
By the beginning of 1968, I felt a growing compulsion to
speak out. I was influenced by my life experience and a feeling
of personal responsibility, reinforced by the part I'd played
in the development of the hydrogen bomb, the special knowledge
I'd gained about thermonuclear warfare, my bitter struggle to
ban nuclear testing and my familiarity with the Soviet system.
My reading and discussions with a fellow scientist had
acquainted me with the notions of an open society, convergence
and world government. I hoped that these notions might ease the
tragic crisis of our age. In 1968 I took my decisive step by
publishing Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and
Intellectual Freedom. The book rejected all extremes, the
intransigence shared by revolutionaries and reactionaries alike.
It called for compromise and for progress, moderated by
enlightened conservatism and caution. Marx notwithstanding,
evolution is a better "locomotive of history" than revolution:
the "battle" I had in mind was nonviolent.
The government's use of psychiatry for political purposes
is particularly dangerous because it is a direct assault on the
victim's mind. The problem is compounded by the inhuman,
illegal conditions of detention in the special psychiatric
hospitals, by the conformity and hypocrisy of our closed society
and by the absence of an independent press. I am speaking here
about any use of psychiatry for political or ideological
purposes, not just those cases when mentally healthy patients
are forcibly confined in psychiatric hospitals.